CONSIDERING THE IMPACT OF DIABETES ON YOUR LIVER 2023
14th November will be observed across the world as Diabetes Day.
A senior diabetologist delves into an emerging concern related to his field-the liver. The path ahead is to adopt a more wide, metabolic based care, he says…
“The relationship between fatty
liver and type 2 diabetes is
bidirectional. Thus, fatty liver
can lead to type 2 diabetes and
type 2 diabetes can promote
fatty liver”
IMPACT OF DIABETES ON YOUR LIVER 2023.
- The prevalence of
diabetes is growing
rapidly all over the
world and in India. - According to a recent
ICMRINDIAB Study published by
us in the Lancet Diabetes
Endocrinology, the number of
people with diabetes in India now
stands at 101 million. - In addition,
there are 136 million people with
prediabetes. - It is well known that
uncontrolled diabetes can lead to
complications affecting the eye,
kidney, heart, feet and nerves. - IMPACT OF DIABETES ON YOUR LIVER 2023.
- However, the relationship
between diabetes and the liver is
not well appreciated and only
recently has this link been
emphasised. - So, what is the connection
between diabetes and the liver? - The liver is a store house or a
factory for various products and
one of them is glucose. - When
there is excess glucose in the
body, it gets deposited in the liver
as glycogen. Moreover, the excess
fat in the blood circulation
(triglycerides and free fatty acids)
also gets deposited in the liver and
this is called ‘Fatty Liver’. - Epidemiological studies at the
Madras Diabetes Research
Foundation have shown that over
50% of people with type 2
diabetes have some degree of fatty
liver. - When there is excess fat in
the liver, this leads to a condition
called ‘Hepatic Insulin Resistance’.
What this means is that the body’s
insulin cannot function properly
and that the action of insulin in
the liver is considerably reduced.
IMPACT OF DIABETES ON YOUR LIVER 2023.
- This leads to increased release of
glucose from the liver, which is
referred to as ‘Hepatic Glucose
Production’. The early morning
increase in glucose levels i.e.
increase in the fasting plasma
glucose is mainly attributed to this
increased hepatic glucose
production.
- The relationship between fatty
liver and type 2 diabetes is
bidirectional. Thus, fatty liver can
lead to type 2 diabetes and type 2
diabetes can promote fatty liver.
- Our studies have shown that if
both obesity and diabetes are
present, over 80% of such
individuals will have fatty liver.
While fatty liver by itself is not
dangerous, very often it leads to
inflammation of the liver, a
condition known as Nonalcoholic
‘Steatohepatitis’ or NASH. Up to
this stage it is probably reversible.
- However, at the next stage, it can
progress to cirrhosis of the liver
which is irreversible and can be
fatal. Some people with cirrhosis
of the liver even go on to develop
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
- The link between diabetes, fatty
liver, cirrhosis and HCC is being
increasingly recognised.
Today nonalcoholic fatty liver
(NAFLD) is recognised as a
complication of diabetes and also
as a cause of diabetes. Recently
there is a shift in the treatment of
diabetes from a glucose centric
approach, to a wider metabolic
based care.
- Indeed, ‘diabetes care’
is slowly evolving into ‘metabolic
care’ with the liver taking centre
stage, along with the heart and
kidney. Thus, while choosing
antidiabetic medications, those
beneficial to the liver, heart and
kidneys are preferred.
- Recently the close association
of metabolic syndrome (a term
used to refer to a combination of
diabetes, hypertension and
central obesity) and NAFLD has
been recognised and
internationally, the term NALFD is
being replaced with ‘Metabolic
dysfunctionassociated fatty liver
disease’ (MAFLD).
- How can we treat MAFLD?
The best way is lifestyle
modification. A healthy diet
consisting of less calories,
carbohydrate and fat but more
vegetable protein and fibre is a
powerful tool to lose weight and
treat excess fat in the liver.
Adequate exercise (e.g. walking,
jogging, swimming etc.) along
with yoga can also help shed extra
kilograms. - IMPACT OF DIABETES ON YOUR LIVER 2023.
- It has been shown in
research trials, that by profound
calorie restriction (about 800
calories /day), excess fat in the
liver can melt away even within a
week! This can lead to reversal of
diabetes and other metabolic
abnormalities within a few days or
weeks, even before significant
weight loss is achieved. - IMPACT OF DIABETES ON YOUR LIVER 2023.
- Today, we also have specific
medicines which can help reduce
fatty liver and reverse liver
changes even at the NASH stage. It
is therefore important to identify
early changes in the liver to
prevent progression to its more
advanced stages like cirrhosis or
carcinoma. Apart from check ups
for eyes, kidneys, heart, feet and
nerves, the liver should also be
included in the annual work up of
all individuals with diabetes. - IMPACT OF DIABETES ON YOUR LIVER 2023.